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Which of the following is a common indication for enteral nutrition?
ability to tolerate oral intake evere acute pancreatitis
bsence of a functional gastrointestinal tract wer: B
anation: Inability to tolerate oral intake is a common indication for en tion. Enteral nutrition involves providing nutrition support through th ointestinal tract when oral intake is inadequate or not possible. It is a rred route of nutrition support when the gastrointestinal tract is functi ral intake is insufficient, impaired, or contraindicated.
ch of the following is an example of renewable energy?
Complete bowel obstruction
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Natural gas
Coal
Solar power
Nuclear power Answer: C
ch of the following laboratory values is commonly monitored in iduals receiving parenteral nutrition?
emoglobin
lood urea nitrogen (BUN) erum albumin
erum potassium wer: C
anation: The correct answer is C) Serum albumin. Serum albumin is monly monitored in individuals receiving parenteral nutrition. Serum min is a protein synthesized by the liver and can be used as a marker o tional status. Monitoring serum albumin levels helps assess the adequ
Explanation: Solar power is an example of renewable energy. Renewable energy sources are those that can be replenished naturally or through human intervention, making them sustainable in the long term. Solar power harnesses energy from the sun using photovoltaic cells or solar thermal systems, and it can be converted into electricity or used for heating purposes. Natural gas and coal are non-renewable fossil fuels, and nuclear power relies on the use of radioactive materials, which are finite resources.
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of nutrition support and the effectiveness of the parenteral nutrition regimen. Hemoglobin is a measure of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood, while blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum potassium levels are more related to kidney function and electrolyte balance.
Which of the following is a risk factor for the development of pressure ulcers in critically ill patients?
Obesity
Adequate nutritional intake
mpaired mobility wer: D
anation: Impaired mobility is a risk factor for the development of pres ulcers in critically ill patients. Immobility, such as prolonged bed rest or li y to change positions, increases the pressure on vulnerable areas of th
leading to tissue damage and the development of pressure ulcers. quate nutritional intake, frequent repositioning, and other preventive ures are important in reducing the risk of pressure ulcers.
ch of the following is a primary goal of nutrition support in critically i nts?
Frequent repositioning
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Rapid weight loss
Prevention of muscle wasting
Promotion of a high-fiber diet
Reduction of calorie intake Answer: B
ch of the following is a primary energy source during fasting and ation?
arbohydrates roteins
ats itamins
wer: C
anation: Fats are the primary energy source during fasting and starvati When the body is deprived of food, it initially relies on stored glycogen fo
gy. Once glycogen stores are depleted, the body shifts to utilizing fats rimary energy source. Fats are broken down into fatty acids and keto es, which can be used by various tissues, including the brain, as an en
Explanation: Prevention of muscle wasting is a primary goal of nutrition support in critically ill patients. Critically ill patients are at high risk of developing muscle wasting and loss of lean body mass due to the catabolic state induced by the stress response and prolonged immobilization. Adequate protein and calorie intake, along with early mobilization, are essential to minimize muscle wasting and promote recovery.
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When determining the energy needs of a patient, which factor should be
Body mass index (BMI)
Age
Gender
anation: When determining the energy needs of a patient, multiple fac ld be considered, including body mass index (BMI), age, and gender.
These factors help estimate the individual's basal metabolic rate (BMR) an the calculation of appropriate energy requirements for nutritional su
ch of the following is a characteristic of soluble fiber? is found in whole grains and bran.
promotes regular bowel movements. increases blood cholesterol levels.
is poorly fermented by the gut bacteria.
wer: B
All of the above Answer: D
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Explanation: Soluble fiber is a type of dietary fiber that dissolves in water to form a gel-like substance in the digestive tract. It is found in foods such as oats, barley, legumes, fruits, and vegetables. Soluble fiber is known to promote regular bowel movements by adding bulk to the stool and helping to soften it. It can also help regulate blood sugar levels and lower blood cholesterol levels. Soluble fiber is well-fermented by the gut bacteria, which contributes to its
hest pain
uscle weakness or paralysis xcessive thirst
lurred vision wer: B
anation: Muscle weakness or paralysis is a common symptom of a str oke occurs when blood flow to the brain is interrupted, leading to bra amage and often causing neurological symptoms. Muscle weakness o ysis, typically affecting one side of the body, is a hallmark sign of a
e. Other symptoms may include sudden numbness, difficulty speakin rstanding speech, severe headache, and loss of balance or coordinatio pain and excessive thirst are not typical symptoms of a stroke. Blurr
n can occur in certain types of strokes but is not universally present.
Which of the following is a symptom of a stroke?
C
M
E
B
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Chest ed
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Which of the following is a characteristic of Type 2 diabetes?
It is an autoimmune disease.
It typically develops in childhood.
Insulin resistance is a major factor.
It requires lifelong insulin injections. Answer: C
ose levels. Type 2 diabetes is often associated with lifestyle factors su ity and sedentary behavior.
ch of the following is a characteristic feature of anorexia nervosa? inge eating episodes
xcessive exercise
tense fear of gaining weight istorted body image
wer: C
anation: An intense fear of gaining weight is a characteristic feature o exia nervosa. Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by
Explanation: Type 2 diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, meaning that the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin. While the pancreas may still produce insulin, it is not utilized properly, leading to high blood
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anor self-
imposed starvation, an extreme desire to be thin, and a distorted body image. Individuals with anorexia nervosa often have an intense fear of gaining weight, which can drive their restrictive eating behaviors. While binge eating episodes and excessive exercise can occur in other eating disorders, they are not specific to anorexia nervosa.
Which of the following is a function of the mineral sodium in the body?
Muscle contraction and nerve transmission
Blood clotting
ormation of red blood cells wer: A
anation: One of the functions of the mineral sodium in the body is mu action and nerve transmission. Sodium plays a crucial role in maintai balance and facilitating the transmission of nerve impulses. It works gside other electrolytes, such as potassium, to regulate the electrical ges across cell membranes, enabling proper muscle function and nerve aling. Sodium is not directly involved in immune system function or t ation of red blood cells. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
ch of the following is a criterion for initiating nutrition support in pati ancer?
Immune system function
F
Ans
Expl scle
contr ning
fluid alon char
sign he
form
Whi ents
with c
Presence of mild malnutrition
Ability to consume 75% of estimated energy needs orally
Expected survival of less than 3 months
Body mass index (BMI) above 25 kg/m2
tient with hypertension is advised to follow the Dietary Approaches t Hypertension (DASH) diet. Which of the following dietary modificat aracteristic of the DASH diet?
igh intake of processed foods and sugary beverages. estricting all sources of dietary fat.
onsuming a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy produc imiting protein intake to minimize kidney stress.
wer: C
anation: Consuming a high intake of fruits, vegetables, and low-fat da ucts is characteristic of the DASH diet. This diet is rich in nutrients su ssium, magnesium, and calcium, which can help lower blood pressure.
Explanation: Expected survival of less than 3 months is a criterion for initiating nutrition support in patients with cancer. Nutrition support may be considered for patients with advanced cancer who have limited life expectancy and are at risk of significant weight loss or malnutrition. The decision to initiate nutrition support should be individualized based on the patient's goals of care and prognosis.
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Mild malnutrition
Gastrointestinal obstruction
Mild lactose intolerance
anation: Gastrointestinal obstruction is an appropriate indication for nteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition involves delivering nutrients direc he bloodstream, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. It is typically use
oral or enteral nutrition is not feasible, safe, or sufficient to meet a nt's nutritional needs. Mild malnutrition, mild lactose intolerance, and dration can usually be managed with oral or enteral nutrition, and nteral nutrition would not be the first-line treatment in these cases.
Mild dehydration Answer: B
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