Question: 1 
Which of the following is a characteristic feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD)? 
A. Decreased urine output 
B. Hypertension 
C. Hyperglycemia 
D. Elevated liver enzymes 
Answer: B 
Explanation: Hypertension (high blood pressure) is a characteristic feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It is a common complication and can contribute to the progression of kidney damage. Decreased urine output, hyperglycemia (high blood sugar), and elevated liver enzymes are not specific to CKD. 

Question: 2 
Which of the following is a potential complication of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement for hemodialysis? 
A. Hyperthyroidism 
B. Steal syndrome 
C. Hypoglycemia 
D. Polycystic kidney disease 
Answer: B 
Explanation: Steal syndrome is a potential complication of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) placement for hemodialysis. It occurs when blood flow is diverted away from the distal extremity, resulting in ischemia and potential tissue damage. Hyperthyroidism, hypoglycemia, and polycystic kidney disease are not directly associated with AVF placement. 

Question: 3 
Which of the following is a potential complication of hemodialysis? 
A. Hypercalcemia 
B. Hypernatremia 
C. Hypokalemia 
D. Hypoglycemia 
Answer: C 
Explanation: Hypokalemia, or low levels of potassium in the blood, is a potential complication of hemodialysis. During the process of hemodialysis, potassium is removed from the blood, which can lead to decreased levels. Hypernatremia (high levels of sodium), hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium), and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) are not directly related to hemodialysis. 

Question: 4 
Which of the following dialysis modalities involves the use of the peritoneal membrane as a semipermeable membrane for solute and fluid removal? 
A. Hemodialysis 
B. Intermittent hemofiltration 
C. Continuous renal replacement therapy 
D. Peritoneal dialysis 
Answer: D Explanation: Peritoneal dialysis involves the use of the peritoneal membrane as a semipermeable membrane for solute and fluid removal. It is a dialysis modality that utilizes the peritoneal cavity as a dialyzing space. Hemodialysis, continuous renal replacement therapy, and intermittent hemofiltration involve different mechanisms for solute and fluid removal. 

Question: 5 
Which of the following is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients? 
A. Renal artery stenosis 
B. Glomerulonephritis 
C. Acute tubular necrosis 
D. Nephrolithiasis 
Answer: C 
Explanation: Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in hospitalized patients. It is characterized by the destruction of renal tubular cells, often due to ischemia or nephrotoxic agents. Other options such as glomerulonephritis, renal artery stenosis, and nephrolithiasis may cause kidney injury, but they are not the most common causes in the hospital setting. 

Question: 6 
Which of the following laboratory findings is consistent with acute glomerulonephritis? 
A. Hypokalemia and hyponatremiaC)Elevated liver enzymes and 

hyperbilirubinemiaD. Thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis 
B. Hematuria and proteinuria 
Answer: B 
Explanation: Hematuria (blood in the urine) and proteinuria (presence of excess protein in the urine) are characteristic laboratory findings consistent with acute glomerulonephritis. This condition is characterized by inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys, leading to blood and protein leaking into the urine. Options B, C, and D are not typically associated with acute glomerulonephritis. 

Question: 7 
Which of the following is a potential complication of heparin use during hemodialysis? 
A. Hemorrhage 
B. Hyperkalemia 
C. Hypoglycemia 
D. Hypercalcemia 
Answer: A 
Explanation: Hemorrhage, or excessive bleeding, is a potential complication of heparin use during hemodialysis. Heparin is often used as an anticoagulant during the procedure to prevent clotting within the dialysis circuit. Hyperkalemia (high levels of potassium), hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), and hypercalcemia (high levels of calcium) are not directly associated with heparin use. 

Question: 8 
Which of the following is a potential complication of long-term hemodialysis? 
A. Diabetic ketoacidosis 
B. Thyroid storm 
C. Gout 
D. Amyloidosis 
Answer: D 
Explanation: Amyloidosis is a potential complication of long-term hemodialysis. It occurs due to the accumulation of amyloid proteins in various organs and tissues, leading to organ dysfunction. Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals in joints and is not directly related to hemodialysis. Thyroid storm and diabetic ketoacidosis are complications of thyroid dysfunction and diabetes, respectively, and are not specifically associated with hemodialysis. 

Question: 9 
Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat anemia in hemodialysis patients? 
A. Metformin 
B. Lisinopril 
C. Epoetin alfa 
D. Warfarin 
Answer: C 
Explanation: Epoetin alfa is a medication commonly used to treat anemia in hemodialysis patients. It is a synthetic form of erythropoietin, a hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells. Lisinopril is an angiotensinconverting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor used to treat hypertension, not anemia. Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication, and warfarin is an anticoagulant.