ABPN-VNE Exam Format | Course Contents | Outline | Syllabus | Objectives

Dimension 1

Neurologic Disorders and Topics

01. Headache and pain disorders

A. Headache

01. Primary headaches

a. Migraine

02. Secondary headaches

a. Headache due to head and neck trauma (posttraumatic headache)

b. Headache due to cranial or cervical vascular disorder (thunderclap headache, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), arterial dissection, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia)

c. Headache due to nonvascular intracranial disorder (hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema, low-CSF-pressure headaches, tumors)

d. Headache due to infection

e. Headache due to a substance or its withdrawal

03. Cranial neuralgia, central and primary facial pain (trigeminal neuralgia, idiopathic facial pain, post-herpetic neuralgia)

B. Pain disorders

01. Central pain syndromes (thalamic, phantom, etc.)

02. Complex regional pain syndromes

02. Epilepsy and episodic disorders

A. Epilepsies attributed to and organized by structural-metabolic causes

01. Structural (including tumors, vascular malformations)

02. Infection

03. Trauma

04. Perinatal insults

05. Malformations of cortical development (including neurocutaneous syndromes)

06. Mitochondrial and metabolic disorders

07. Stroke

08. Genetic epilepsies

B. Epilepsies of unknown cause

C. Conditions with epileptic seizures traditionally not diagnosed as a form of epilepsy

01. Benign neonatal seizures

02. Febrile seizures

03. Provoked seizures

D. Nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders

01. Syncope and anoxic seizures

a. Vasovagal syncope

b. Neurological syncope

c. Orthostatic intolerance

d. Long QT and cardiac syncope

02. Migraine-associated disorders

a. Migraine with visual aura

b. Familial hemiplegic migraine

c. Benign paroxysmal torticollis

d. Benign paroxysmal vertigo

e. Cyclical vomiting

f. Migraine with speech disorder

E. Status epilepticus

01. Convulsive

02. Nonconvulsive

03. Focal motor

03. Sleep disorders

A. Sleep-disordered breathing

01. Obstructive sleep apnea

02. Central apnea syndromes

03. Sleep-related hypoventilation disorders

B. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders

01. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder

02. Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder

03. Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder

04. Non-24-hour sleep-wake phase disorder

C. Sleep disorders in other conditions

01. Effects of sleep disorders on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk factors

a. Hypertension

b. Atrial fibrillation

c. Congestive heart failure

d. Myocardial infarction

e. Stroke

04. Vascular neurology

A. Ischemic stroke (cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack)

01. Atherosclerosis

a. Large-artery

b. Small-artery

02. Cardioembolic

a. Atrial fibrillation/atrial cardiopathy

b. Cardiovascular procedures and operations

c. Acute myocardial infarction

d. Cardiomyopathies/myocarditis

e. Rheumatic mitral or aortic stenosis

f. Infective endocarditis

g. Libman-Sacks endocarditis

h. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

i. Mechanical or bioprosthetic valves

j. Atrial myxoma

k. Sick sinus syndrome

l. Other valvular heart disease

m. Patent foramen ovale, including atrial septal aneurysm

n. Congenital heart diseases, including cyanotic heart disease

o. Air embolism

p. Fat embolism

xx. Other

03. Arterial dissection

04. Other vasculopathies, including vasculitis

a. Noninflammatory

i. Moyamoya disease

ii. Fibromuscular dysplasia

iii. Trauma

iv. Radiation-induced vasculopathy

xx. Other

b. Infectious

i. Syphilis

ii. Varicella (chickenpox)

iii. Varicella zoster

iv. AIDS

v. Cysticercosis

vi. Bacterial meningitis

vii. Aspergillosis

viii. Mucormycosis

ix. Candidiasis

x. Cat-scratch disease

xi. Behçet disease

xii. SARS-CoV-2

xx. Other

c. Inflammatory

05. Spinal cord infarction/ischemia

06. Carotid circulation TIA including amaurosis fugax

07. Vertebrobasilar circulation TIA

08. Asymptomatic carotid bruit or stenosis

09. Cortical stroke syndromes

a. Branch cortical artery syndromes

b. Watershed syndromes

10. Subcortical stroke syndromes

a. Lacunar strokes

b. Striatocapsular infarctions

c. Multiple lacunar infarcts

11. Major hemispheric syndromes

a. Internal carotid artery occlusion

b. Middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, or posterior cerebral artery

12. Behavioral and cognitive impairments following stroke

13. Bi-hemispheric stroke, including hypotensive events

14. Multifocal or diffuse disease

15. Basilar artery occlusion

a. Locked-in syndrome

b. Major brainstem strokes

16. Vertebral artery occlusion

17. Branch brainstem stroke syndromes

18. Syndromes from cerebellar arteries (brainstem/cerebellum)

19. Top-of-the-basilar syndrome

20. Thalamic syndromes

XX. Other

a. Kawasaki disease

B. Intracerebral hemorrhage

01. Chronic hypertension

02. Vascular malformations

a. Arteriovenous

b. Developmental venous anomaly

c. Cavernous malformations

d. Telangiectasia

e. Dural arteriovenous fistula

f. Vein of Galen malformation

03. Bleeding diatheses and antithrombotic agents

a. Inherited

i. Hemophilias

ii. Von Willebrand disease

iii. Other

b. Acquired

i. Leukemia

ii. Thrombocytopenia

iii. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

xx. Other

c. Systemic diseases

d. Iatrogenic/drugs/toxins

i. Anticoagulants

ii. Antiplatelet aggregating agents

iii. Thrombolytic agents

iv. Drugs of abuse

xx. Other

04. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy

05. Hemorrhagic tumors

a. Primary

b. Metastatic

06. Pituitary apoplexy

07. Locations of intracerebral hemorrhage

a. Putamen

b. Thalamus

c. Lobar and white matter

d. Brainstem

e. Cerebellum

f. Caudate

g. Intraventricular

XX. Other

C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage

01. Aneurysm

a. Saccular aneurysms

b. Infectious

c. Traumatic

d. Neoplastic

e. Dolichoectatic

f. Dissecting

g. Unruptured aneurysm

xx. Other aneurysms

02. Vascular malformations

03. Complications (including vasospasm)

04. Trauma

D. Cerebral venous thrombosis

01. Pregnancy and puerperium

02. Hypercoagulability (thrombophilia)

03. Cavernous sinus thrombosis

04. Superior sagittal sinus

05. Other sinuses

06. Cortical thrombophlebitis

07. Deep cerebral venous thrombosis

E. Reversible cerebrovascular constriction syndrome (RCVS) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES)

F. Sickle cell disease

G. Unruptured brain aneurysm or unruptured vascular malformation

H. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage

I. Carotid cavernous or dural fistulas

J. Cardiovascular diseases

01. Heart disease, including coronary artery disease

02. Cardiac complications of stroke

03. Peripheral arterial disease

04. Aortic disease

05. Venous disease

K. Stroke genetics

01. Genetics of atherosclerosis

a. Hypertension

b. Diabetes mellitus

c. Lipids and lipoproteins

d. Homocysteine

e. Polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene

f. Glu298Asp allele of the ecNOS gene

g. Alleles of inflammatory molecules

h. Cigarette smoking (paraoxonase-1 gene)

02. Genetics of leukoaraiosis

a. Genes-HTN-arteriolosclerosis-leukoaraiosis-cognitive impairment

03. Mendelian and mitochondrial disorders associated with stroke

a. MELAS

b. Homocystinuria

c. Hereditary cerebroretinal vasculopathy (HCVR)

d. Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke (HERNS)

e. Fabry disease

f. CADASIL

h. Sickle cell disease

04. Genetics of aneurysms

a. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

b. Marfan syndrome

c. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD)

d. Collagen type III gene

e. MMP-9

05. Genetics of intracerebral hemorrhage

a. Genes associated with CAA - APOE (Ɛ 2, 3 and 4)

b. Genes associated with hemostasis

06. Genetics of cerebrovascular malformations

a. Cavernous malformations (CMs)

b. CCM 1, 2 and 3 (human Krev interaction trapped 1 gene [KREV 1])

c. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)

d. Osler-Weber-Rendu

e. Familial cerebral AVMs

f. Wyburn-Mason syndrome

g. Sturge-Weber syndrome

L. Prothrombotic (hypercoagulable) causes of stroke

01. Inherited

a. Factor V Leiden—activated protein C resistance

b. Prothrombin gene mutation

c. Protein S, C, antithrombin

d. Thalassemia

e. Sickle cell disease

xx. Other

02. Acquired

a. Pregnancy

b. Cancer

c. Dehydration

d. Thrombocytosis

e. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

f. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT)

g. Leukemia

h. Disseminated intravascular coagulation

i. Nephrotic syndrome

j. Hemolytic uremic syndrome

k. Sepsis and inflammation

xx. Other

03. Autoimmune causes of thrombosis

a. Antiphospholipid syndrome, Sneddon syndrome

b. Other

04. Iatrogenic/drugs/toxins

a. Antineoplastic

b. Prothrombotic agents

c. Other

M. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

XX. Other

05. Neuroinfectious diseases

A. Bacterial infections

01. Meningitis

02. Brain and spine abscess

B. Fungal infections

01. Meningitis

02. Cerebritis

C. Mycobacteria, including tuberculosis

D. Viral infections

E. Protozoan infections

F. Parasitic infections

06. Brain and spinal trauma and spinal cord diseases

A. Brain trauma

01. Diffuse axonal injury

02. Cerebral contusion

03. Traumatic hemorrhage

a. Epidural hematoma

b. Subdural hematoma

c. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage

B. Spinal trauma

01. Spinal cord contusion and transection

02. Spinal epidural hematoma

C. Nontraumatic spinal cord disorders

01. Spinal cord infarction

02. Vascular myelopathies

03. Spinal cord vascular malformations

D. Nonaccidental trauma in children

E. Myeloneuropathy

07. Neuro-ophthalmologic and neuro-otologic disorders

A. Neuro-ophthalmology

01. Disorders of the optic nerve

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a. Vascular (e.g., anterior ischemic optic neuropathy)

02. Disorders of the retina

a. Retinal artery occlusion, including Susac syndrome

b. Retinal venous occlusion

03. Other lesions of optic pathways

a. Optic chiasm

b. Optic tracts

c. Optic radiations

d. Visual cortex, including visual agnosias and cortical blindness

04. Disorders of the pupil

a. Horner syndrome

b. Argyll-Robertson pupil

c. Tonic pupil

05. Disorders of ocular motility

a. Disorders of supranuclear control of eye movements

i. Horizontal gaze paresis, including internuclear ophthalmoplegia

(INO) and one-and-a-half syndrome

ii. Upgaze paresis, including Parinaud syndrome

iii. Downgaze paresis

b. Disorders of cranial nerves 3,4, 6, and their nuclei

c. Nystagmus

d. Cavernous sinus disorders

e. Extraocular disorders

06. Intraocular manifestations of stroke

B. Neuro-otology

01. Vestibular disease

a. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo

b. Ménière disease

c. Acute labyrinthitis

d. Toxic vestibulopathy

e. Cerebellopontine angle tumors

f. Central vertigo, including disembarkment syndrome

02. Hearing loss

03. Tinnitus

08. Metabolic diseases, nutritional deficiency states, and disorders due to toxins, drugs, and

physical agents

A. Metabolic diseases

01. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy

a. Cardiac arrest

b. Carbon monoxide poisoning

c. Cortical laminar necrosis

xx. Other

02. Disorders of glucose metabolism, including hypoglycemia, diabetic

ketoacidosis, and nonketotic hyperglycemia

03. Hepatic encephalopathy

04. Uremic encephalopathy, including dialysis dementia and dialysis

dysequilibrium syndrome

05. Disorders of sodium, potassium, and water metabolism, including

hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia

06. Disorders of calcium and magnesium metabolism, including hypocalcemia,

hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia

07. Endocrine diseases, including those of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and

pituitary glands (including pituitary apoplexy)

08. Drug overdose

B. Nutritional deficiency states

C. Toxins, drugs, and physical agents

01. Effects of drug abuse

a. Opioids

b. Cocaine

c. Amphetamines

d. Sedative-hypnotics

e. Inhalants

f. Hallucinogens

xx. Other

02. Effects of alcohol

03. Effects of ionizing radiation

04. Hypothermia and hyperthermia

05. Electric current and lightning

06. Animal and insect neurotoxins

a. Snakes

b. Spiders

c. Scorpions

D. Iatrogenic/therapeutic drugs

09. Behavioral neurology and neurocognitive disorders

A. Delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders

01. Delirium

a. Delirium due to a medical condition

b. Substance intoxication delirium

02. Dementia

a. Vascular dementia

b. Dementia due to a medical condition

c. Substance/medication-induced dementia

03. Amnestic disorders (including transient global amnesia)

XX. Other

B. Higher cortical function and clinical syndromes

01. Frontal lobe syndromes

02. Aphasia

03. Apraxia

04. Neglect

05. Agnosia

06. Disconnection syndromes

C. Alteration of mental status/encephalopathy/coma/brain death

01. Cerebral death criteria

D. Pseudobulbar affect/pseudobulbar palsy

XX. Other

10. Questions not associated with a specific neurologic disorder

A. Normal anatomy, process, neurophysiology

01. Vascular anatomy

B. Pharmacology

C. Medical-legal, public policy/regulatory factors, professional practice

D. Procedures/procedural safety

E. Normal test results, findings, variants, artifacts, and methods

11. Neuroimmunologic and paraneoplastic CNS disorders

A. CNS vasculitis and microangiopathies

01. Primary angiitis of the CNS

02. Secondary CNS vasculitis

a. Systemic vasculitides (giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa,

microscopic polyangiitis, Behçet disease)

b. Systemic autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus,

rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, sarcoidosis)

c. Infectious vasculitis (varicella zoster)

d. Substance-induced vasculitis (amphetamines, cocaine)

03. Microangiopathies (Susac syndrome, Sneddon syndrome)

Dimension 2

Physician Competencies and Mechanisms

A. Neuroscience and mechanism of disease

01. Neuroanatomy

a. Vascular

i. Extracranial arterial anatomy

ii. Intracranial arterial anatomy

iii. Collaterals

iv. Common anatomical variations

v. Venous anatomy

vi. Spinal cord vascular anatomy

vii. Specific vascular-brain anatomic correlations

viii. End vessel syndromes

ix. Trigeminovascular system

x. White matter

xi. Vascular malformations

b. Radiologic anatomy, cerebral blood vessels (angiography or MRA)

c. Meninges

02. Neuropathology

a. Cerebrovascular disease

b. Trauma (cranial and spinal)

c. Medium and large-vessel vasculitis

03. Neurochemistry

a. Neurotransmitters

b. Blood-brain barrier

c. Excitotoxicity

04. Neurophysiology

a. Cerebral blood flow

i. Vascular smooth muscle control

ii. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction

iii. Autoregulation

iv. Vasospasm

v. Rheology

vi. Blood flow in stroke

b. Coagulation cascade

i. Clotting factors

ii. Platelet function

iii. Endothelium function

iv. Biochemical factors

c. Metabolic and cellular consequences of ischemia

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i. Ischemic cascade

ii. Reperfusion changes

iii. Electrophysiology

iv. Gene regulation

v. Neuroinflammation of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke

d. Inflammation and stroke

xx. Other

05. Neurogenetics/molecular neurology, and neuroepidemiology

a. Mendelian-inherited diseases

b. Other modes of inheritance

c. Mitochondrial disorders

d. Channelopathies

e. Risk factors in neurologic disease

f. Demographics of neurologic disease

06. Pathophysiology

a. Vascular

i. Restoration and recovery following stroke

ii. Secondary consequences from intracranial bleeding

iii. Neurovascular unit

b. Brain edema and increased ICP

B. Clinical aspects of neurologic disease

01. Epidemiology

02. Risk factors

a. Risk factors for stroke

i. Nonmodifiable

(a) Age

(b) Gender

(c) Ethnicity

(d) Geography

(e) Family history

(f) Genetic factors

ii. Modifiable

(a) Hypertension

(b) Diabetes mellitus

(c) Cholesterol

(d) Homocysteine

(e) Obesity

(f) Alcohol abuse

(g) Tobacco use

(h) Drug abuse

(i) Exercise and other lifestyle factors

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(j) History of stroke

iii. Infections predisposing to stroke

iv. Stroke as a complication of other medical illness

v. Special populations at risk for stroke

(a) Neonates and infants

(b) Children and adolescents

(c) Young adults

(d) Pregnancy and puerperium

b. Risk factors for epilepsy

03. Signs and symptoms

04. Comorbidities

05. Course of illness

06. Prognosis

07. Localization

08. Pregnancy/peripartum

09. Complications of illness

a. Complications of stroke

i. Neurologic complications

(a) Cerebral edema, increased ICP, and herniation

(b) Hydrocephalus

(c) Seizures

(d) Hemorrhagic transformation

(e) Recurrent infarction

(f) Recurrent hemorrhage

(xx) Other

ii. Medical complications

(a) Cardiac

(b) Gastrointestinal

(c) Pulmonary

(d) Electrolyte

(e) Chronic neurologic sequelae

(f) Chronic medical sequelae

(xx) Other

b. Complications of epilepsy

10. Quality of life

a. Dating

b. Marriage

c. Stigma

C. Diagnostic procedures

01. Neuroimaging

a. Structural imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging)

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i. Head CT

(a) Acute changes of ischemic stroke

(b) Acute changes of hemorrhagic stroke

(c) Chronic changes of stroke

(d) Complications of stroke

(e) CT perfusion

ii. Spine and spinal cord neuroimaging (CT, MRI, myelogram)

iii. MRI of the brain

(a) MRI sequences—T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, PWI, gradient echo, SWI, DTI

(b) MR spectroscopy

(c) Acute changes of ischemic stroke

(d) Acute changes of hemorrhagic stroke

(e) Changes affected by time

iv. Specific protocols

v. Neuromuscular ultrasound

b. Vascular imaging (conventional angiography, computed tomographic

angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, ultrasound)

i. Arteriography and venography

(a) Cerebral

(b) Spinal cord

ii. Extracranial ultrasonography

(a) Duplex and other imaging

(b) Collateral flow challenges

(c) Monitoring

iii. Intracranial ultrasonography

(a) Collateral flow changes

(b) Contrast enhancement

(c) Monitoring

c. Functional neuroimaging

i. SPECT

ii. PET

iii. MRS

iv. fMRI

v. Diffusion tensor imaging

02. Autonomic function testing

a. Tilt table testing

b. Valsalva testing

c. Heart rate variability

d. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test/thermoregulatory sweat testing

e. Sympathetic pathways

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f. Parasympathetic pathways

g. Cardiovagal

xx. Other

03. CSF examination/lumbar puncture

04. Laboratory studies

a. Hematologic studies

i. Blood count

ii. Platelet count

iii. Special coagulation studies

iv. Antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel) resistance studies

b. Immunological studies

i. Inflammatory markers

ii. Other autoimmune studies (multisystem)

iii. Serologic studies

c. Biochemical studies

i. Glucose

ii. Cholesterol

iii. Blood gases

iv. Hepatic and renal tests

v. Toxicology screen

d. Infectious studies

i. Cultures

ii. PCR or other molecular studies

iii. Other

e. Urine tests

05. Cardiac testing

a. Electrocardiography

i. Monitoring

ii. Holter and event monitors

b. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE and TEE)

i. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography studies

c. Other chest imaging studies

i. Chest x-ray

ii. Cardiac CT

iii. Cardiac MRI

d. Other studies

i. Blood pressure monitoring

ii. Testing for ischemic heart disease

iii. Peripheral artery disease

e. Metabolic testing

06. Skin/nerve/muscle biopsy

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07. Genetic testing

08. Testing of special senses (e.g., hearing, vision)

09. Clinical/disease severity/rating scales

10. Systemic imaging (e.g., CT, MRI, PET)

XX. Other

D. Treatment

01. General principles of neuropharmacology

a. Neuropharmacokinetics/neuropharmacodynamics

b. Drug toxicity/side effects/idiosyncratic reactions/medication

withdrawal/contraindications

c. Drug interactions

d. Pregnancy

i. Teratogenicity/neurodevelopmental effects in offspring

ii. Drug level fluctuations

iii. Breastfeeding

e. Age, gender, and ethnicity issues

f. Pharmacogenomics

g. Mechanisms of action

h. Drug management decisions (initiation, continuation, discontinuation)

02. Pharmacotherapy

a. Drugs for migraine and other headache syndromes

b. Analgesics (nonnarcotic, narcotic, etc.)

c. Antiseizure medications

d. Drugs for sleep disorders

e. Drugs for cerebrovascular disease, including antiplatelet agents,

anticoagulants, and thrombolytics

i. Antiplatelet agents

(a) Aspirin

(b) Clopidogrel

(c) Ticlodipine

(d) Dipyridamole

(e) Cilostazol

(f) Prasugrel

(g) Ticagrelor

(h) Dual therapy

(xx) Other

ii. Anticoagulant agents

(a) Warfarin

(b) Heparin

(c) Low molecular weight heparins

(d) Oral thrombin inhibitors

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(e) Oral factor X inhibitors

(f) Factor XI inhibitors

(xx) Other

iii. Thrombolytic agents (rtPA, TNK)

iv. Neuroprotective agents and other acute treatments

v. Cardioactive agents

vi. Medications to prevent stroke by treating risk factors

(a) Hyperlipidemia

(b) Diabetes mellitus

(c) Hypertension

(d) Smoking

(e) Hyperhomocysteinemia

(f) Anti-inflammatory

(g) Alcohol dependence and detoxification

vii. Medications to treat autoimmune diseases and vasculitis

viii. Medications to improve or restore neurologic function or to augment

rehabilitation

ix. Medications to prevent rebleeding or vasospasm following a

hemorrhage

(a) Aminocaproic acid

(b) Nimodipine

(c) Bleeding reversal agents/antidotes

x. Anti-vasospasm therapy

f. Drugs for psychiatric disorders (sedative-hypnotics, antianxiety agents,

antidepressants, antipsychotics)

g. Vitamins/minerals/nutrients

h. Immunomodulatory agents, including oral medications, prednisone, IV Ig, and

plasma exchange

i. Antimicrobial agents

j. Drugs used for increased intracranial pressure and for brain/spinal cord edema

k. Drugs for autonomic dysfunctions

l. Drugs for dementia/cognition/alertness

m. Spasticity treatments

i. Botulinum toxin

n. Monotherapy vs polytherapy

o. Hormonal therapies

xx. Other

i. Sedation

ii. Stimulants

iii. Antidotes

03. Endovascular treatment

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04. Critical care

05. Surgical treatment/interventions

a. Vascular surgery

i. Hemorrhage

(a) Evacuation

(b) Ventriculostomy

ii. Ruptured aneurysms

(c) Management of vasospasm

iii. Vascular malformations

iv. Surgical treatment of brain edema – decompressive craniectomy

v. Complications

b. Other

06. Radiation therapy

07. Rehabilitation

a. Exercise

b. Assistive devices

c. Assistive technologies

d. Braces

e. Physical therapy and occupational therapy

f. Pulmonary

g. Speech/swallowing

h. Nutrition management

i. Principles of neurorehabilitation (e.g. regeneration and plasticity)

j. Functional assessment

08. Psychotherapy, biofeedback etc.

09. Reassurance, observation, lifestyle modification, etc.

10. Specific dietary treatment

11. Genetic counseling

12. Complications of management

13. Gene therapy/enzyme replacement therapy/stem cell replacement

14. Non-surgical/non-pharmacological

XX. Other

E. Interpersonal and communications skills

01. Communication with patients

02. Communication with patients' families

03. Communication with other professionals

04. Communication with the healthcare team

05. Communication with the public

06. Management of conflict

07. Common errors in communication

08. Patient and family education

F. Professionalism

01. Professional behavior

02. Adherence to ethical principles (e.g., informed consent, research issues, clinical care)

03. Participation in the professional community

04. Sensitivity to diverse patient populations

05. End-of-life issues and brain death

06. Fatigue management/burnout

G. Practice-based learning and improvement

01. Development and execution of lifelong learning

02. Formal practice-based quality improvement

H. Systems-based practice

01. Patient safety and the healthcare team

02. Resource management

03. Community-based care

04. Referral for appropriate consultation/decision making

05. Working with local and national disease-based and advocacy groups