ABPN-VNE Exam Format | Course Contents | Outline | Syllabus | Objectives

ABPN-VNE Exam Syllabus & Study Guide

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The information below reflects the 2026 syllabus defined by ABPN.

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Dimension 1 Neurologic Disorders and Topics 01. Headache and pain disorders A. Headache 01. Primary headaches a. Migraine 02. Secondary headaches a. Headache due to head and neck trauma (posttraumatic headache) b. Headache due to cranial or cervical vascular disorder (thunderclap headache, reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS), arterial dissection, cerebral hemorrhage, ischemia) c. Headache due to nonvascular intracranial disorder (hydrocephalus, idiopathic intracranial hypertension, increased intracranial pressure and cerebral edema, low-CSF-pressure headaches, tumors) d. Headache due to infection e. Headache due to a substance or its withdrawal 03. Cranial neuralgia, central and primary facial pain (trigeminal neuralgia, idiopathic facial pain, post-herpetic neuralgia) B. Pain disorders 01. Central pain syndromes (thalamic, phantom, etc.) 02. Complex regional pain syndromes 02. Epilepsy and episodic disorders A. Epilepsies attributed to and organized by structural-metabolic causes 01. Structural (including tumors, vascular malformations) 02. Infection 03. Trauma 04. Perinatal insults 05. Malformations of cortical development (including neurocutaneous syndromes) 06. Mitochondrial and metabolic disorders 07. Stroke 08. Genetic epilepsies B. Epilepsies of unknown cause C. Conditions with epileptic seizures traditionally not diagnosed as a form of epilepsy 01. Benign neonatal seizures 02. Febrile seizures 03. Provoked seizures D. Nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders 01. Syncope and anoxic seizures a. Vasovagal syncope b. Neurological syncope c. Orthostatic intolerance d. Long QT and cardiac syncope 02. Migraine-associated disorders a. Migraine with visual aura b. Familial hemiplegic migraine c. Benign paroxysmal torticollis d. Benign paroxysmal vertigo e. Cyclical vomiting f. Migraine with speech disorder E. Status epilepticus 01. Convulsive 02. Nonconvulsive 03. Focal motor 03. Sleep disorders A. Sleep-disordered breathing 01. Obstructive sleep apnea 02. Central apnea syndromes 03. Sleep-related hypoventilation disorders B. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders 01. Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder 02. Advanced sleep-wake phase disorder 03. Irregular sleep-wake rhythm disorder 04. Non-24-hour sleep-wake phase disorder C. Sleep disorders in other conditions 01. Effects of sleep disorders on cardiovascular/cerebrovascular risk factors a. Hypertension b. Atrial fibrillation c. Congestive heart failure d. Myocardial infarction e. Stroke 04. Vascular neurology A. Ischemic stroke (cerebral infarction and transient ischemic attack) 01. Atherosclerosis a. Large-artery b. Small-artery 02. Cardioembolic a. Atrial fibrillation/atrial cardiopathy b. Cardiovascular procedures and operations c. Acute myocardial infarction d. Cardiomyopathies/myocarditis e. Rheumatic mitral or aortic stenosis f. Infective endocarditis g. Libman-Sacks endocarditis h. Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis i. Mechanical or bioprosthetic valves j. Atrial myxoma k. Sick sinus syndrome l. Other valvular heart disease m. Patent foramen ovale, including atrial septal aneurysm n. Congenital heart diseases, including cyanotic heart disease o. Air embolism p. Fat embolism xx. Other 03. Arterial dissection 04. Other vasculopathies, including vasculitis a. Noninflammatory i. Moyamoya disease ii. Fibromuscular dysplasia iii. Trauma iv. Radiation-induced vasculopathy xx. Other b. Infectious i. Syphilis ii. Varicella (chickenpox) iii. Varicella zoster iv. AIDS v. Cysticercosis vi. Bacterial meningitis vii. Aspergillosis viii. Mucormycosis ix. Candidiasis x. Cat-scratch disease xi. Behçet disease xii. SARS-CoV-2 xx. Other c. Inflammatory 05. Spinal cord infarction/ischemia 06. Carotid circulation TIA including amaurosis fugax 07. Vertebrobasilar circulation TIA 08. Asymptomatic carotid bruit or stenosis 09. Cortical stroke syndromes a. Branch cortical artery syndromes b. Watershed syndromes 10. Subcortical stroke syndromes a. Lacunar strokes b. Striatocapsular infarctions c. Multiple lacunar infarcts 11. Major hemispheric syndromes a. Internal carotid artery occlusion b. Middle cerebral, anterior cerebral, or posterior cerebral artery 12. Behavioral and cognitive impairments following stroke 13. Bi-hemispheric stroke, including hypotensive events 14. Multifocal or diffuse disease 15. Basilar artery occlusion a. Locked-in syndrome b. Major brainstem strokes 16. Vertebral artery occlusion 17. Branch brainstem stroke syndromes 18. Syndromes from cerebellar arteries (brainstem/cerebellum) 19. Top-of-the-basilar syndrome 20. Thalamic syndromes XX. Other a. Kawasaki disease B. Intracerebral hemorrhage 01. Chronic hypertension 02. Vascular malformations a. Arteriovenous b. Developmental venous anomaly c. Cavernous malformations d. Telangiectasia e. Dural arteriovenous fistula f. Vein of Galen malformation 03. Bleeding diatheses and antithrombotic agents a. Inherited i. Hemophilias ii. Von Willebrand disease iii. Other b. Acquired i. Leukemia ii. Thrombocytopenia iii. Disseminated intravascular coagulation xx. Other c. Systemic diseases d. Iatrogenic/drugs/toxins i. Anticoagulants ii. Antiplatelet aggregating agents iii. Thrombolytic agents iv. Drugs of abuse xx. Other 04. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy 05. Hemorrhagic tumors a. Primary b. Metastatic 06. Pituitary apoplexy 07. Locations of intracerebral hemorrhage a. Putamen b. Thalamus c. Lobar and white matter d. Brainstem e. Cerebellum f. Caudate g. Intraventricular XX. Other C. Subarachnoid hemorrhage 01. Aneurysm a. Saccular aneurysms b. Infectious c. Traumatic d. Neoplastic e. Dolichoectatic f. Dissecting g. Unruptured aneurysm xx. Other aneurysms 02. Vascular malformations 03. Complications (including vasospasm) 04. Trauma D. Cerebral venous thrombosis 01. Pregnancy and puerperium 02. Hypercoagulability (thrombophilia) 03. Cavernous sinus thrombosis 04. Superior sagittal sinus 05. Other sinuses 06. Cortical thrombophlebitis 07. Deep cerebral venous thrombosis E. Reversible cerebrovascular constriction syndrome (RCVS) and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) F. Sickle cell disease G. Unruptured brain aneurysm or unruptured vascular malformation H. Primary intraventricular hemorrhage I. Carotid cavernous or dural fistulas J. Cardiovascular diseases 01. Heart disease, including coronary artery disease 02. Cardiac complications of stroke 03. Peripheral arterial disease 04. Aortic disease 05. Venous disease K. Stroke genetics 01. Genetics of atherosclerosis a. Hypertension b. Diabetes mellitus c. Lipids and lipoproteins d. Homocysteine e. Polymorphisms of the MTHFR gene f. Glu298Asp allele of the ecNOS gene g. Alleles of inflammatory molecules h. Cigarette smoking (paraoxonase-1 gene) 02. Genetics of leukoaraiosis a. Genes-HTN-arteriolosclerosis-leukoaraiosis-cognitive impairment 03. Mendelian and mitochondrial disorders associated with stroke a. MELAS b. Homocystinuria c. Hereditary cerebroretinal vasculopathy (HCVR) d. Hereditary endotheliopathy with retinopathy, nephropathy, and stroke (HERNS) e. Fabry disease f. CADASIL h. Sickle cell disease 04. Genetics of aneurysms a. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) b. Marfan syndrome c. Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) d. Collagen type III gene e. MMP-9 05. Genetics of intracerebral hemorrhage a. Genes associated with CAA - APOE (Ɛ 2, 3 and 4) b. Genes associated with hemostasis 06. Genetics of cerebrovascular malformations a. Cavernous malformations (CMs) b. CCM 1, 2 and 3 (human Krev interaction trapped 1 gene [KREV 1]) c. Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) d. Osler-Weber-Rendu e. Familial cerebral AVMs f. Wyburn-Mason syndrome g. Sturge-Weber syndrome L. Prothrombotic (hypercoagulable) causes of stroke 01. Inherited a. Factor V Leiden—activated protein C resistance b. Prothrombin gene mutation c. Protein S, C, antithrombin d. Thalassemia e. Sickle cell disease xx. Other 02. Acquired a. Pregnancy b. Cancer c. Dehydration d. Thrombocytosis e. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura f. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis (HITT) g. Leukemia h. Disseminated intravascular coagulation i. Nephrotic syndrome j. Hemolytic uremic syndrome k. Sepsis and inflammation xx. Other 03. Autoimmune causes of thrombosis a. Antiphospholipid syndrome, Sneddon syndrome b. Other 04. Iatrogenic/drugs/toxins a. Antineoplastic b. Prothrombotic agents c. Other M. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy XX. Other 05. Neuroinfectious diseases A. Bacterial infections 01. Meningitis 02. Brain and spine abscess B. Fungal infections 01. Meningitis 02. Cerebritis C. Mycobacteria, including tuberculosis D. Viral infections E. Protozoan infections F. Parasitic infections 06. Brain and spinal trauma and spinal cord diseases A. Brain trauma 01. Diffuse axonal injury 02. Cerebral contusion 03. Traumatic hemorrhage a. Epidural hematoma b. Subdural hematoma c. Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage B. Spinal trauma 01. Spinal cord contusion and transection 02. Spinal epidural hematoma C. Nontraumatic spinal cord disorders 01. Spinal cord infarction 02. Vascular myelopathies 03. Spinal cord vascular malformations D. Nonaccidental trauma in children E. Myeloneuropathy 07. Neuro-ophthalmologic and neuro-otologic disorders A. Neuro-ophthalmology 01. Disorders of the optic nerve ABPN Content Specifications Page 11 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification a. Vascular (e.g., anterior ischemic optic neuropathy) 02. Disorders of the retina a. Retinal artery occlusion, including Susac syndrome b. Retinal venous occlusion 03. Other lesions of optic pathways a. Optic chiasm b. Optic tracts c. Optic radiations d. Visual cortex, including visual agnosias and cortical blindness 04. Disorders of the pupil a. Horner syndrome b. Argyll-Robertson pupil c. Tonic pupil 05. Disorders of ocular motility a. Disorders of supranuclear control of eye movements i. Horizontal gaze paresis, including internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) and one-and-a-half syndrome ii. Upgaze paresis, including Parinaud syndrome iii. Downgaze paresis b. Disorders of cranial nerves 3,4, 6, and their nuclei c. Nystagmus d. Cavernous sinus disorders e. Extraocular disorders 06. Intraocular manifestations of stroke B. Neuro-otology 01. Vestibular disease a. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo b. Ménière disease c. Acute labyrinthitis d. Toxic vestibulopathy e. Cerebellopontine angle tumors f. Central vertigo, including disembarkment syndrome 02. Hearing loss 03. Tinnitus 08. Metabolic diseases, nutritional deficiency states, and disorders due to toxins, drugs, and physical agents A. Metabolic diseases 01. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy a. Cardiac arrest b. Carbon monoxide poisoning c. Cortical laminar necrosis xx. Other 02. Disorders of glucose metabolism, including hypoglycemia, diabetic ketoacidosis, and nonketotic hyperglycemia 03. Hepatic encephalopathy 04. Uremic encephalopathy, including dialysis dementia and dialysis dysequilibrium syndrome 05. Disorders of sodium, potassium, and water metabolism, including hyponatremia, hypernatremia, hypokalemia, and hyperkalemia 06. Disorders of calcium and magnesium metabolism, including hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypermagnesemia 07. Endocrine diseases, including those of thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands (including pituitary apoplexy) 08. Drug overdose B. Nutritional deficiency states C. Toxins, drugs, and physical agents 01. Effects of drug abuse a. Opioids b. Cocaine c. Amphetamines d. Sedative-hypnotics e. Inhalants f. Hallucinogens xx. Other 02. Effects of alcohol 03. Effects of ionizing radiation 04. Hypothermia and hyperthermia 05. Electric current and lightning 06. Animal and insect neurotoxins a. Snakes b. Spiders c. Scorpions D. Iatrogenic/therapeutic drugs 09. Behavioral neurology and neurocognitive disorders A. Delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders 01. Delirium a. Delirium due to a medical condition b. Substance intoxication delirium 02. Dementia a. Vascular dementia b. Dementia due to a medical condition c. Substance/medication-induced dementia 03. Amnestic disorders (including transient global amnesia) XX. Other B. Higher cortical function and clinical syndromes 01. Frontal lobe syndromes 02. Aphasia 03. Apraxia 04. Neglect 05. Agnosia 06. Disconnection syndromes C. Alteration of mental status/encephalopathy/coma/brain death 01. Cerebral death criteria D. Pseudobulbar affect/pseudobulbar palsy XX. Other 10. Questions not associated with a specific neurologic disorder A. Normal anatomy, process, neurophysiology 01. Vascular anatomy B. Pharmacology C. Medical-legal, public policy/regulatory factors, professional practice D. Procedures/procedural safety E. Normal test results, findings, variants, artifacts, and methods 11. Neuroimmunologic and paraneoplastic CNS disorders A. CNS vasculitis and microangiopathies 01. Primary angiitis of the CNS 02. Secondary CNS vasculitis a. Systemic vasculitides (giant cell arteritis, polyarteritis nodosa, microscopic polyangiitis, Behçet disease) b. Systemic autoimmune disease (systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren syndrome, sarcoidosis) c. Infectious vasculitis (varicella zoster) d. Substance-induced vasculitis (amphetamines, cocaine) 03. Microangiopathies (Susac syndrome, Sneddon syndrome) Dimension 2 Physician Competencies and Mechanisms A. Neuroscience and mechanism of disease 01. Neuroanatomy a. Vascular i. Extracranial arterial anatomy ii. Intracranial arterial anatomy iii. Collaterals iv. Common anatomical variations v. Venous anatomy vi. Spinal cord vascular anatomy vii. Specific vascular-brain anatomic correlations viii. End vessel syndromes ix. Trigeminovascular system x. White matter xi. Vascular malformations b. Radiologic anatomy, cerebral blood vessels (angiography or MRA) c. Meninges 02. Neuropathology a. Cerebrovascular disease b. Trauma (cranial and spinal) c. Medium and large-vessel vasculitis 03. Neurochemistry a. Neurotransmitters b. Blood-brain barrier c. Excitotoxicity 04. Neurophysiology a. Cerebral blood flow i. Vascular smooth muscle control ii. Vasodilation and vasoconstriction iii. Autoregulation iv. Vasospasm v. Rheology vi. Blood flow in stroke b. Coagulation cascade i. Clotting factors ii. Platelet function iii. Endothelium function iv. Biochemical factors c. Metabolic and cellular consequences of ischemia ABPN Content Specifications Page 15 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification i. Ischemic cascade ii. Reperfusion changes iii. Electrophysiology iv. Gene regulation v. Neuroinflammation of acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke d. Inflammation and stroke xx. Other 05. Neurogenetics/molecular neurology, and neuroepidemiology a. Mendelian-inherited diseases b. Other modes of inheritance c. Mitochondrial disorders d. Channelopathies e. Risk factors in neurologic disease f. Demographics of neurologic disease 06. Pathophysiology a. Vascular i. Restoration and recovery following stroke ii. Secondary consequences from intracranial bleeding iii. Neurovascular unit b. Brain edema and increased ICP B. Clinical aspects of neurologic disease 01. Epidemiology 02. Risk factors a. Risk factors for stroke i. Nonmodifiable (a) Age (b) Gender (c) Ethnicity (d) Geography (e) Family history (f) Genetic factors ii. Modifiable (a) Hypertension (b) Diabetes mellitus (c) Cholesterol (d) Homocysteine (e) Obesity (f) Alcohol abuse (g) Tobacco use (h) Drug abuse (i) Exercise and other lifestyle factors ABPN Content Specifications Page 16 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification (j) History of stroke iii. Infections predisposing to stroke iv. Stroke as a complication of other medical illness v. Special populations at risk for stroke (a) Neonates and infants (b) Children and adolescents (c) Young adults (d) Pregnancy and puerperium b. Risk factors for epilepsy 03. Signs and symptoms 04. Comorbidities 05. Course of illness 06. Prognosis 07. Localization 08. Pregnancy/peripartum 09. Complications of illness a. Complications of stroke i. Neurologic complications (a) Cerebral edema, increased ICP, and herniation (b) Hydrocephalus (c) Seizures (d) Hemorrhagic transformation (e) Recurrent infarction (f) Recurrent hemorrhage (xx) Other ii. Medical complications (a) Cardiac (b) Gastrointestinal (c) Pulmonary (d) Electrolyte (e) Chronic neurologic sequelae (f) Chronic medical sequelae (xx) Other b. Complications of epilepsy 10. Quality of life a. Dating b. Marriage c. Stigma C. Diagnostic procedures 01. Neuroimaging a. Structural imaging (computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) ABPN Content Specifications Page 17 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification i. Head CT (a) Acute changes of ischemic stroke (b) Acute changes of hemorrhagic stroke (c) Chronic changes of stroke (d) Complications of stroke (e) CT perfusion ii. Spine and spinal cord neuroimaging (CT, MRI, myelogram) iii. MRI of the brain (a) MRI sequences—T1, T2, FLAIR, DWI, PWI, gradient echo, SWI, DTI (b) MR spectroscopy (c) Acute changes of ischemic stroke (d) Acute changes of hemorrhagic stroke (e) Changes affected by time iv. Specific protocols v. Neuromuscular ultrasound b. Vascular imaging (conventional angiography, computed tomographic angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, ultrasound) i. Arteriography and venography (a) Cerebral (b) Spinal cord ii. Extracranial ultrasonography (a) Duplex and other imaging (b) Collateral flow challenges (c) Monitoring iii. Intracranial ultrasonography (a) Collateral flow changes (b) Contrast enhancement (c) Monitoring c. Functional neuroimaging i. SPECT ii. PET iii. MRS iv. fMRI v. Diffusion tensor imaging 02. Autonomic function testing a. Tilt table testing b. Valsalva testing c. Heart rate variability d. Quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test/thermoregulatory sweat testing e. Sympathetic pathways ABPN Content Specifications Page 18 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification f. Parasympathetic pathways g. Cardiovagal xx. Other 03. CSF examination/lumbar puncture 04. Laboratory studies a. Hematologic studies i. Blood count ii. Platelet count iii. Special coagulation studies iv. Antiplatelet (aspirin, clopidogrel) resistance studies b. Immunological studies i. Inflammatory markers ii. Other autoimmune studies (multisystem) iii. Serologic studies c. Biochemical studies i. Glucose ii. Cholesterol iii. Blood gases iv. Hepatic and renal tests v. Toxicology screen d. Infectious studies i. Cultures ii. PCR or other molecular studies iii. Other e. Urine tests 05. Cardiac testing a. Electrocardiography i. Monitoring ii. Holter and event monitors b. Transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE and TEE) i. Contrast-enhanced echocardiography studies c. Other chest imaging studies i. Chest x-ray ii. Cardiac CT iii. Cardiac MRI d. Other studies i. Blood pressure monitoring ii. Testing for ischemic heart disease iii. Peripheral artery disease e. Metabolic testing 06. Skin/nerve/muscle biopsy ABPN Content Specifications Page 19 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification 07. Genetic testing 08. Testing of special senses (e.g., hearing, vision) 09. Clinical/disease severity/rating scales 10. Systemic imaging (e.g., CT, MRI, PET) XX. Other D. Treatment 01. General principles of neuropharmacology a. Neuropharmacokinetics/neuropharmacodynamics b. Drug toxicity/side effects/idiosyncratic reactions/medication withdrawal/contraindications c. Drug interactions d. Pregnancy i. Teratogenicity/neurodevelopmental effects in offspring ii. Drug level fluctuations iii. Breastfeeding e. Age, gender, and ethnicity issues f. Pharmacogenomics g. Mechanisms of action h. Drug management decisions (initiation, continuation, discontinuation) 02. Pharmacotherapy a. Drugs for migraine and other headache syndromes b. Analgesics (nonnarcotic, narcotic, etc.) c. Antiseizure medications d. Drugs for sleep disorders e. Drugs for cerebrovascular disease, including antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and thrombolytics i. Antiplatelet agents (a) Aspirin (b) Clopidogrel (c) Ticlodipine (d) Dipyridamole (e) Cilostazol (f) Prasugrel (g) Ticagrelor (h) Dual therapy (xx) Other ii. Anticoagulant agents (a) Warfarin (b) Heparin (c) Low molecular weight heparins (d) Oral thrombin inhibitors ABPN Content Specifications Page 20 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification (e) Oral factor X inhibitors (f) Factor XI inhibitors (xx) Other iii. Thrombolytic agents (rtPA, TNK) iv. Neuroprotective agents and other acute treatments v. Cardioactive agents vi. Medications to prevent stroke by treating risk factors (a) Hyperlipidemia (b) Diabetes mellitus (c) Hypertension (d) Smoking (e) Hyperhomocysteinemia (f) Anti-inflammatory (g) Alcohol dependence and detoxification vii. Medications to treat autoimmune diseases and vasculitis viii. Medications to improve or restore neurologic function or to augment rehabilitation ix. Medications to prevent rebleeding or vasospasm following a hemorrhage (a) Aminocaproic acid (b) Nimodipine (c) Bleeding reversal agents/antidotes x. Anti-vasospasm therapy f. Drugs for psychiatric disorders (sedative-hypnotics, antianxiety agents, antidepressants, antipsychotics) g. Vitamins/minerals/nutrients h. Immunomodulatory agents, including oral medications, prednisone, IV Ig, and plasma exchange i. Antimicrobial agents j. Drugs used for increased intracranial pressure and for brain/spinal cord edema k. Drugs for autonomic dysfunctions l. Drugs for dementia/cognition/alertness m. Spasticity treatments i. Botulinum toxin n. Monotherapy vs polytherapy o. Hormonal therapies xx. Other i. Sedation ii. Stimulants iii. Antidotes 03. Endovascular treatment ABPN Content Specifications Page 21 of 22 December 22, 2023 in Vascular Neurology Certification 04. Critical care 05. Surgical treatment/interventions a. Vascular surgery i. Hemorrhage (a) Evacuation (b) Ventriculostomy ii. Ruptured aneurysms (c) Management of vasospasm iii. Vascular malformations iv. Surgical treatment of brain edema – decompressive craniectomy v. Complications b. Other 06. Radiation therapy 07. Rehabilitation a. Exercise b. Assistive devices c. Assistive technologies d. Braces e. Physical therapy and occupational therapy f. Pulmonary g. Speech/swallowing h. Nutrition management i. Principles of neurorehabilitation (e.g. regeneration and plasticity) j. Functional assessment 08. Psychotherapy, biofeedback etc. 09. Reassurance, observation, lifestyle modification, etc. 10. Specific dietary treatment 11. Genetic counseling 12. Complications of management 13. Gene therapy/enzyme replacement therapy/stem cell replacement 14. Non-surgical/non-pharmacological XX. Other E. Interpersonal and communications skills 01. Communication with patients 02. Communication with patients' families 03. Communication with other professionals 04. Communication with the healthcare team 05. Communication with the public 06. Management of conflict 07. Common errors in communication 08. Patient and family education F. Professionalism 01. Professional behavior 02. Adherence to ethical principles (e.g., informed consent, research issues, clinical care) 03. Participation in the professional community 04. Sensitivity to diverse patient populations 05. End-of-life issues and brain death 06. Fatigue management/burnout G. Practice-based learning and improvement 01. Development and execution of lifelong learning 02. Formal practice-based quality improvement H. Systems-based practice 01. Patient safety and the healthcare team 02. Resource management 03. Community-based care 04. Referral for appropriate consultation/decision making 05. Working with local and national disease-based and advocacy groups