NRE-STEP-1 Exam Format | Course Contents | Outline | Syllabus | Objectives

NRE-STEP-1 Exam Syllabus & Study Guide

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PM&DC National Registration Examination STEP 1 (NRE-I) Applied Anatomy 1. Developmental Anatomy - Development of nervous system - Congenital brain and spinal-cord anomalies - Neural-tube defects - Hypophyseal defects - Development of head and neck - Ectopic thymus/parathyroid - Branchial fistula, sinus and cyst - First-arch syndromes - Treacher Collins syndrome - Pierre Robin syndrome - Neural crest abnormalities - Tongue-tie - Macroglossia/microglossia - Bifid tongue - Thyroglossal duct abnormalities - Congenital thyroid abnormalities - Facial and palatal clefts - Nasolacrimal duct anomalies - Tooth abnormalities - External-ear/deafness abnormalities - Coloboma - Congenital cataract - Cyclopia - Development of digestive and urogenital systems - Esophageal atresia - Tracheoesophageal fistula - Pyloric stenosis - Biliary atresia - Accessory hepatic ducts - Gallbladder duplication - Annular pancreas - Accessory pancreatic tissue - Mesenteric abnormalities - Umbilical hernia - Gastroschisis - Omphalocele - Gut-rotation defects - Gut atresia/stenosis - Development of musculoskeletal system - Development of cardiovascular system - Development of respiratory system - Development of integumentary system - General embryology 2. Neuroanatomy - Organization of nervous system - Spinal-cord lesions - Brainstem lesions - Cerebellar disorders - Cerebral disorders - Basal-ganglia diseases - Cranial-nerve lesions - Thalamic lesions - Hypothalamic lesions - Autonomic nervous-system disorders - Meningeal disorders - Ventricular-system disorders 3. Clinical/Applied Anatomy - Anatomical basis of common clinical conditions - Anatomical basis of common surgical procedures - Surface anatomy - Radiological anatomy - Neurovascular relationships - Clinically important nerve injuries - Applied anatomical correlations 4. Regional Anatomy - Upper limb - Lower limb - Abdomen and pelvis - Head and neck - Thorax APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY 1. Homeostasis - Internal environment - Feedback mechanisms - Regulation of physiological variables - Acid-base homeostasis 2. Blood - Hematopoiesis - RBC physiology - Hemoglobin - WBC physiology - Platelets - Hemostasis - Blood groups - Transfusion-related physiology - Anemia-related physiological changes 3. Nerve and Muscle - Resting membrane potential - Action potential - Synaptic transmission - Neuromuscular junction - Skeletal-muscle contraction - Smooth muscle - Reflexes - Motor pathways - Sensory pathways 4. Cardiovascular System - Cardiac cycle - Cardiac output - Blood pressure - Regulation of blood pressure - ECG - Coronary circulation - Microcirculation - Exercise physiology - Shock-related physiology 5. Respiratory System - Ventilation - Perfusion - V/Q relationships - Gas exchange - Oxygen transport - Carbon-dioxide transport - Respiratory regulation - Pulmonary function tests - Hypoxia - Acid-base physiology 6. Body Fluids and Kidneys - Fluid compartments - GFR - Renal blood flow - Tubular function - Concentration/dilution of urine - Sodium and water balance - Potassium regulation - Acid-base regulation - Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system 7. Gastrointestinal Tract - GI motility - GI secretions - Digestion - Absorption - Gastrointestinal hormones 8. Nervous System - Higher cortical functions - Sleep - Memory - Learning - Motor control - Sensory physiology - Autonomic nervous system 9. Special Senses - Vision - Hearing - Vestibular system - Taste - Smell 10. Endocrinology - Pituitary - Thyroid - Parathyroid - Adrenal - Pancreatic hormones - Calcium regulation - Endocrine feedback mechanisms 11. Reproduction - Male reproductive physiology - Female reproductive physiology - Menstrual cycle - Pregnancy physiology - Lactation - Puberty APPLIED BIOCHEMISTRY 1. Proteins - Protein structure - Protein function - Electrophoresis - Immunoglobulins - Plasma proteins - Protein receptors - Protein malnutrition 2. Lipids and Fatty Acids - Essential fatty acids - Eicosanoids - Steroids - Lipid peroxidation - Lipid disorders 3. Enzymes - Enzyme kinetics - Isoenzymes - Diagnostic enzymes - Therapeutic enzymes 4. Porphyrins and Hemoglobin - Porphyrin synthesis - Porphyrias - Heme degradation - Bilirubin metabolism - Hyperbilirubinemia - Hemoglobinopathies - HbS - HbC - HbSC - Methemoglobinemia - Thalassemia 5. Vitamins and Minerals - Fat-soluble vitamins - Water-soluble vitamins - Sodium - Potassium - Chloride - Calcium - Phosphorus - Iodine - Iron - Zinc - Deficiency and toxicity 6. Nutrition - Caloric requirements - Balanced diet - Essential amino acids - Essential fatty acids - Pregnancy nutrition - Lactation - Newborn nutrition - Pediatric nutrition - Elderly nutrition - Obesity - Marasmus - Kwashiorkor - Protein-energy malnutrition 7. Endocrine Biochemistry - Hormone biosynthesis - Hormone mechanisms - Hormonal effects on carbohydrate metabolism - Lipid metabolism - Protein metabolism - Mineral metabolism 8. Water, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Biochemistry - Buffers - Acid-base regulation - Metabolic acidosis - Metabolic alkalosis - Respiratory acidosis - Respiratory alkalosis APPLIED PATHOLOGY A. General Pathology - Cell injury - Cell death - Inflammation - Repair and regeneration - Neoplasia - Disorders of circulation - Edema - Hyperemia/congestion - Thrombosis - Embolism - Infarction - Shock B. Immunology - Innate immunity - Adaptive immunity - Hypersensitivity - Autoimmune disease - Immunodeficiency - Transplantation immunity C. Genetics - Chromosomal abnormalities - Genetic disorders - Mendelian inheritance - Molecular basis of disease - Genetic testing D. Microbiology General bacteriology - Bacterial structure - Growth - Genetics - Sterilization - Antimicrobial susceptibility Special bacteriology - Clinically important bacteria - Major bacterial infections - Diagnosis - Prevention Parasitology - Protozoa - Helminths - Life cycles - Diagnosis - Treatment Virology - DNA viruses - RNA viruses - Viral diseases - Diagnosis - Prevention Mycology - Superficial fungal disease - Subcutaneous mycoses - Systemic mycoses - Opportunistic fungal infections E. Systemic Pathology - Blood vessels and heart - Hematopoietic and lymphoid system - Respiratory system - GI tract and liver - Female genital tract and breast - Musculoskeletal system - Endocrine system - Skin - Nervous system - Chemical pathology CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY 1. General Pharmacology - Pharmacokinetics - Pharmacodynamics - Dose-response relationships - Adverse drug reactions - Drug interactions - Drug toxicity - Therapeutic drug monitoring - Prescription principles 2. Locally Acting Drugs - Topical preparations - Local therapeutic agents 3. Autacoids - Histamine - Serotonin - Prostaglandins - Leukotrienes - Related antagonists 4. Gastrointestinal Drugs - Antiulcer drugs - Antiemetics - Laxatives - Antidiarrheals - Drugs for inflammatory bowel disease 5. Autonomic Drugs - Cholinergic drugs - Anticholinergics - Adrenergic agonists - Adrenergic antagonists - Neuromuscular blockers 6. Renal Drugs - Diuretics - Drugs affecting renal function - Electrolyte management 7. Cardiovascular Drugs - Antihypertensives - Antianginals - Antiarrhythmics - Heart-failure drugs - Anticoagulants - Antiplatelet drugs - Thrombolytics - Lipid-lowering drugs 8. Respiratory Drugs - Bronchodilators - Anti-asthmatic drugs - COPD therapy - Cough preparations 9. Endocrine Drugs - Insulin - Oral antidiabetics - Thyroid drugs - Corticosteroids - Sex hormones - Pituitary drugs 10. CNS Drugs - Sedatives - Hypnotics - Antiepileptics - Antipsychotics - Antidepressants - Parkinson drugs - Anxiolytics - Opioids - CNS stimulants 11. Uterine Drugs - Oxytocin - Prostaglandins - Tocolytics - Drugs for postpartum hemorrhage 12. Chemotherapy - Antibacterial drugs - Antituberculous drugs - Antifungal drugs - Antiviral drugs - Antiprotozoal drugs - Anthelmintics - Anticancer drugs 13. Immunopharmacology - Immunosuppressants - Immunomodulators - Biological therapies 14. Miscellaneous - Vaccines - Antidotes - Drug poisoning - Special therapeutic agents COMMUNITY MEDICINE 1. Health Systems in Pakistan - Health policy and planning - Primary health care - Health-for-All concept - National disease-control programs - Federal/provincial health responsibilities - District health system - Devolution - Health planning cycle - Planning-programming-budgeting - Health administration - Management techniques - Health Management Information System - Physician as manager - Human/material/financial resource management 2. Epidemiology and Research Methodology - Epidemiological concepts - Measures of disease frequency - Incidence - Prevalence - Mortality - Morbidity - Risk - Association - Causation - Study designs - Cohort studies - Case-control studies - Cross-sectional studies - Clinical trials - Bias - Confounding - Screening - Diagnostic-test evaluation 3. Biostatistics - Data presentation - Mean - Median - Mode - Measures of dispersion - Probability - Normal distribution - Sampling - Hypothesis testing - Confidence intervals - Statistical significance - Correlation - Regression 4. Demography - Population structure - Population growth - Fertility - Mortality - Migration - Population pyramids - Demographic transition 5. Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases - Surveillance - Outbreak investigation - Immunization - Isolation/quarantine - Communicable disease control - Vector control 6. Disasters and Accidents - Disaster management - Disaster preparedness - Triage - Mass-casualty management - Accident prevention 7. Nutritional Health - Malnutrition - Nutritional assessment - Food security - Micronutrient deficiencies - Nutritional programs 8. Reproductive Health - Maternal health - Family planning - Safe motherhood - Reproductive health services - Child health 9. Common Endemic Communicable Diseases - Diagnosis - Management - Prevention - Control 10. Common Endemic Non-Communicable Diseases - Diabetes - Hypertension - Cardiovascular disease - Cancer - Chronic respiratory disease - Prevention - Screening - Management FORENSIC MEDICINE & TOXICOLOGY Forensic Medicine 1. Law and Pakistan's Legal System - Medical law - Courts - Medical evidence - Physician's legal responsibilities 2. Law in Relation to Physicians - Consent - Confidentiality - Professional negligence - Medical certificates - Documentation - Professional misconduct 3. Personal Identification - Identification methods - Age estimation - Sex determination - Stature - Fingerprints - Dental identification 4. Autopsy and Exhumation - Medico-legal autopsy - Postmortem examination - Exhumation - Preservation of specimens 5. Thanatology - Death - Signs of death - Postmortem changes - Rigor mortis - Livor mortis - Putrefaction - Estimation of time since death 6. Asphyxia - Mechanical asphyxia - Hanging - Strangulation - Suffocation - Smothering 7. Drowning - Types - Mechanisms - Autopsy findings - Differentiation of ante- and postmortem immersion 8. Traumatology - Blunt-force injury - Sharp-force injury - Firearm injuries - Burns - Fractures - Road-traffic injuries 9. Forensic Sexology - Sexual development - Sexual offences - Pregnancy-related forensic issues 10. Sexual Offences - Examination of victims - Evidence collection - Documentation - Legal considerations 11. Forensic Pediatrics 12. Forensic Psychiatry 13. Forensic Serology 14. Forensic Science in Crime Detection 15. Forensic Odontology Toxicology - General principles - Poison classification - Routes of exposure - Diagnosis of poisoning - Treatment principles - Antidotes - Specimen collection Special Toxicology - Corrosives - Irritants - Metals - Pesticides - Organophosphates - Drugs - Alcohol - Carbon monoxide - Cyanide - Snake/insect venoms - Other important poisons MEDICINE & ALLIED — 52 MCQs 1. Infectious Diseases - Common bacterial infections - Tuberculosis - Malaria - Dengue - Enteric fever - HIV/AIDS - Viral hepatitis - Meningitis - Encephalitis - Sepsis - Tropical infections - Infection control 2. Gastrointestinal System - GERD - Peptic ulcer disease - GI bleeding - Malabsorption - Inflammatory bowel disease - Irritable bowel syndrome - Intestinal obstruction - Diarrheal disease - Celiac disease - GI malignancies 3. Liver and Pancreatic Disease - Hepatitis - Cirrhosis - Portal hypertension - Hepatic failure - Ascites - Hepatic encephalopathy - Gallstone disease - Cholangitis - Pancreatitis - Pancreatic malignancy 4. Hematological Disease - Anemias - Iron deficiency - Megaloblastic anemia - Hemolytic anemia - Thalassemia - Sickle-cell disease - Leukemias - Lymphomas - Multiple myeloma - Bleeding disorders - Coagulation disorders 5. Rheumatology and Bone Disease - Rheumatoid arthritis - Osteoarthritis - SLE - Spondyloarthropathies - Gout - Vasculitis - Osteoporosis - Metabolic bone disease 6. Renal Medicine - AKI - CKD - Nephritic syndrome - Nephrotic syndrome - Glomerulonephritis - Tubulointerstitial disease - Electrolyte disorders - Acid-base disorders - Dialysis indications 7. Water, Electrolytes and Acid-Base - Sodium disorders - Potassium disorders - Calcium disorders - Magnesium disorders - Metabolic acidosis - Metabolic alkalosis - Respiratory acidosis - Respiratory alkalosis - Mixed disorders 8. Cardiovascular Medicine - Hypertension - Ischemic heart disease - Acute coronary syndrome - Heart failure - Valvular heart disease - Rheumatic heart disease - Cardiomyopathies - Arrhythmias - Atrial fibrillation - SVT - VT - Pericardial disease - Infective endocarditis - Shock 9. Pulmonology - Asthma - COPD - Pneumonia - Tuberculosis - Pulmonary embolism - Pleural disease - Pneumothorax - Interstitial lung disease - Respiratory failure - Lung cancer 10. Poisoning and Environmental Medicine - Common poisonings - Drug overdose - Organophosphate poisoning - Snakebite - Heat illness - Hypothermia - Occupational/environmental disease 11. Endocrinology and Diabetes - Diabetes mellitus - DKA - HHS - Hypoglycemia - Thyroid disorders - Hyperthyroidism - Hypothyroidism - Thyroid storm - Adrenal disorders - Cushing syndrome - Addison disease - Pituitary disorders - Calcium disorders 12. CNS / Neurology - Stroke - Epilepsy - Headache - Meningitis - Encephalitis - Parkinson disease - Multiple sclerosis - Peripheral neuropathy - Myasthenia gravis - Motor-neuron disease - Movement disorders - Spinal-cord disease 13. Skin - Eczema - Psoriasis - Acne - Bacterial infections - Viral infections - Fungal infections - Drug eruptions - Autoimmune skin disease - Skin malignancy SURGERY & ALLIED — 48 MCQs 1. Metabolic Response, Shock and Blood Transfusion - Surgical stress response - Shock - Hemorrhagic shock - Septic shock - Fluid resuscitation - Blood products - Transfusion reactions 2. Wound Healing - Phases of wound healing - Factors affecting healing - Wound complications - Scar formation - Keloid/hypertrophic scar 3. Surgical Infections - Surgical-site infection - Abscess - Cellulitis - Necrotizing infection - Antibiotic principles - Sepsis 4. Preoperative Investigations - Laboratory assessment - Imaging - Cardiac assessment - Pulmonary assessment - Risk assessment 5. Preoperative Assessment - ASA classification - Comorbidities - Medication management - Consent - Optimization 6. Anaesthesia and Pain Management - General anesthesia - Regional anesthesia - Local anesthesia - Airway - Analgesia - Postoperative nausea/vomiting - Pain control 7. Postoperative Care - Monitoring - Fluid balance - Pain - Fever - Wound complications - DVT/PE - Respiratory complications - Urinary complications 8. Nutrition, Fluids and Electrolytes - Enteral nutrition - Parenteral nutrition - Fluid replacement - Electrolyte abnormalities - Acid-base abnormalities 9. Trauma - Primary survey - Secondary survey - ATLS principles - Head injury - Chest trauma - Abdominal trauma - Pelvic trauma - Spinal trauma 10. Burns - Burn assessment - Burn depth - Burn surface area - Fluid resuscitation - Inhalational injury - Burn complications 11. Arterial Disorders - Acute limb ischemia - Peripheral arterial disease - Aneurysms - Embolism 12. Venous Disorders - DVT - Chronic venous disease - Varicose veins - Venous ulcers 13. Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery - Principles - Indications - Complications - Perioperative considerations 14. Head, Face and Neck - Surgical infections - Neck masses - Thyroid disease - Parathyroid disease - Salivary disease 15. Breast - Benign breast disease - Breast cancer - Breast lump assessment - Screening - Staging 16. Surgical Ethics, Human Factors and Patient Safety - Consent - Communication - Teamwork - Error prevention - Patient safety - Quality improvement 17. Orthopaedic Surgery - Fractures - Dislocations - Joint injuries - Osteomyelitis - Arthritis - Compartment syndrome 18. Urology - Renal stones - Urinary obstruction - BPH - Prostate cancer - Hematuria - Testicular torsion - Acute scrotum 19. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Skin grafts - Flaps - Hand injuries - Wound reconstruction - Burns 20. Radiology - Basic X-ray interpretation - Ultrasound - CT - MRI - Contrast studies - Emergency imaging 21. Pediatric Surgery - Congenital anomalies - Intestinal obstruction - Hirschsprung disease - Intussusception - Pyloric stenosis - Pediatric hernias 22. Oncology - Cancer principles - Staging - Biopsy - Surgical oncology - Multidisciplinary management OBSTETRICS & GYNAECOLOGY — 14 MCQs Obstetrics 1. Contraception - Natural methods - Barrier methods - Combined hormonal contraception - Progestin-only methods - IUCD - Emergency contraception - Sterilization 2. Fertility - Male infertility - Female infertility - Basic investigations - Ovulation disorders - Assisted reproduction 3. Puberty - Normal puberty - Precocious puberty - Delayed puberty 4. Normal Pregnancy - Antenatal care - Physiological changes - Fetal development - Antenatal investigations - Risk assessment 5. Labor - Stages of labor - Normal labor - Partograph - Fetal monitoring - Analgesia 6. Abnormal Labor - Prolonged labor - Obstructed labor - Malpresentation - Malposition - Shoulder dystocia - Uterine rupture 7. Problems in Pregnancy - Hypertension - Pre-eclampsia - Eclampsia - Gestational diabetes - Anemia - Infection 8. Bleeding in Early Pregnancy - Miscarriage - Ectopic pregnancy - Molar pregnancy 9. Puerperium - Normal puerperium - Puerperal infection - Postpartum complications 10. Obstetric Hemorrhage and Shock - Antepartum hemorrhage - Placenta previa - Placental abruption - Postpartum hemorrhage - Shock - Management principles Gynaecology 11. Genital Tract Anatomy - Pelvic anatomy - Reproductive organs - Pelvic support 12. Menstrual and Endocrine Disorders - Menstrual cycle - Abnormal uterine bleeding - Amenorrhea 13. Endometriosis - Etiology - Pathophysiology - Diagnosis - Management - Complications 14. Fibroids - Types - Clinical features - Diagnosis - Treatment 15. Pelvic Inflammatory Disease - Etiology - Diagnosis - Treatment - Complications 16. Premalignant and Malignant Uterine Disease - Cervical precancer - Cervical cancer - Endometrial cancer - Diagnosis - Staging - Management 17. Cervical Disease - Benign cervical disease - Cervical cytology - Colposcopy 18. Ovarian Disease - Benign ovarian cysts - Ovarian malignancy - Diagnosis - Management 19. Pelvic Mass - Differential diagnosis - Evaluation - Management 20. Vulval Lesions - Benign lesions - Malignancy - Evaluation 21. Utero-vaginal Prolapse - Causes - Classification - Diagnosis - Management 22. Micturition - Lower urinary tract function - Urinary symptoms - Relevant gynecological disorders PAEDIATRICS — 14 MCQs 1. Social and Preventive Pediatrics - Immunization - Preventive care - Child health - Community pediatrics 2. Growth, Development and Nutrition - Growth charts - Developmental milestones - Developmental delay - Breastfeeding - Complementary feeding - Malnutrition - Obesity 3. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders - ADHD - Autism - Behavioral disorders - Depression/anxiety - Child abuse 4. Fluids and Electrolytes - Dehydration - Fluid replacement - Sodium disorders - Potassium disorders - Acid-base disturbances 5. Poisoning and Toxicology - Common childhood poisonings - Drug overdose - Household toxins - Antidotes 6. Burns, Drowning and Foreign Bodies - Burns - Drowning - Aspiration - Foreign-body ingestion 7. Metabolic Disease - Inborn errors - Metabolic emergencies 8. Rheumatic and Neuromuscular Disease - Rheumatic fever - Juvenile idiopathic arthritis - Muscular dystrophy - Neuromuscular disorders 9. Human Genetics - Chromosomal abnormalities - Genetic syndromes - Genetic counseling 10. Dermatology - Eczema - Atopic dermatitis - Infections - Common pediatric rashes 11. Immunologic Disorders - Immunodeficiency - Allergy - Autoimmune conditions 12. Hematologic Disorders - Anemia - Thalassemia - Leukemia - Bleeding disorders 13. Endocrine Disorders - Diabetes - Thyroid disease - Growth disorders - Pubertal disorders 14. Neonatology - Prematurity - Low birth weight - Neonatal resuscitation - Respiratory distress - Neonatal jaundice - Sepsis - Feeding problems 15. Infectious Diseases - Pneumonia - Meningitis - TB - Gastroenteritis - Viral infections 16. Respiratory Disorders - Asthma - Bronchiolitis - Pneumonia - Croup - Respiratory distress 17. GI and Liver Disorders - Gastroenteritis - Celiac disease - Hepatitis - Malabsorption - Intestinal disorders 18. Cardiovascular Disease - Congenital heart disease - Rheumatic heart disease - Heart failure - Cyanotic/acyanotic lesions 19. Neurological Disorders - Seizures - Febrile seizures - Epilepsy - Meningitis - Cerebral palsy 20. Nephrology - UTI - Nephrotic syndrome - Nephritic syndrome - Acute kidney injury - Congenital renal disease 21. Bones and Joints - Developmental disorders - Fractures - Osteomyelitis - Juvenile arthritis OPHTHALMOLOGY — 6 MCQs 1. Adnexa and Orbit - Orbital disease - Orbital trauma - Proptosis - Orbital infections 2. Lacrimal Apparatus - Lacrimal obstruction - Dacryocystitis - Epiphora 3. Lids - Blepharitis - Chalazion - Stye - Ptosis - Lid tumors 4. Conjunctiva - Conjunctivitis - Pterygium - Chemosis 5. Cornea - Keratitis - Corneal ulcer - Corneal injury - Corneal transplantation 6. Uveal Tract - Uveitis - Iritis - Choroidal disease 7. Pupil - Pupillary abnormalities - Relative afferent pupillary defect 8. Lens - Cataract - Lens dislocation 9. Glaucoma - Open-angle glaucoma - Angle-closure glaucoma - Diagnosis - Acute management - Long-term treatment 10. Retina and Vitreous - Retinal detachment - Diabetic retinopathy - Hypertensive retinopathy - Macular disease 11. Squint - Strabismus - Amblyopia 12. Neuro-Ophthalmology - Optic neuropathy - Cranial nerve palsy - Visual-field defects 13. Ocular Trauma - Chemical injury - Blunt trauma - Penetrating trauma 14. Systemic Disease - Diabetes - Hypertension - Thyroid disease - Neurological disease 15. Ophthalmic Therapeutics - Topical antibiotics - Steroids - Glaucoma medications - Mydriatics/miotics ENT / OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY — 6 MCQs Ear 1. External Ear - Otitis externa - Ear trauma - Foreign bodies - External-ear lesions 2. Middle Ear - Acute otitis media - Chronic otitis media - Tympanic membrane perforation - Mastoiditis - Eustachian-tube dysfunction 3. Inner Ear - Sensorineural hearing loss - Ménière disease - Vertigo - Vestibular disorders Nose and Sinuses - Epistaxis - Rhinitis - Sinusitis - Nasal polyps - Deviated nasal septum - Nasal trauma Throat - Tonsillitis - Adenoid disease - Pharyngitis - Peritonsillar abscess - Deep-neck infections Larynx - Laryngitis - Vocal-cord disease - Airway obstruction - Laryngeal tumors Head and Neck - Neck masses - Thyroid-related neck pathology - Salivary-gland disease - Head and neck malignancy ENT Emergencies - Foreign bodies - Airway obstruction - Severe epistaxis - Deep-neck infection